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The development of maritime activities in Isla De France

DEVELOPMENT OF MARITIME ACTIVITIES OF ILE DE FRANCE: Ile de France as a Filing ASIA

To understand the overall vision of maritime activities in the Ile de France, and the development of the island as a "Warehouse" of the Indian Ocean. Let us first see what were the factors that led Isla De France became the chief place of France in this part of world and being named to the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean and the development of Port Louis as a port. In this perspective, it also a little excursion to the historic port development. Secondly, we see three aspects of evolution that is, agricultural, commercial and military under the royal administration. How and why What were the priorities given the importance through the administration policies of reality? Thirdly, we will see how the slave trade with spices and other trade have contributed to extend maritime activities. Finally, we see how war affects the economy of the island and how to support the activities of piracy.

In 1764 King Louis XV decided to buy the Mascarene Islands and in 1767 the royal government began on the island. The French East India Company, which had ruled the island since 1725, was doomed to failure because of its political monopoly in the "exclusive" system. If, for the Dutch and the French East Indian single point of interest on the island was used as a port of call, the Royal Government to be more interested to its strategic position in the sea of India as a naval base and military.

Even the fact that Dutch Turtle Bay (later Port Louis), which had the potential to accommodate 50 boats seemed interesting to them, but the fact that the vessel Pieter Botha, who was the first Governor-General Dutch Ocean Tamarin shipwrecked Indian had lost all interest in the port. Only in 1735 under the French Governor Mahe de Labourdonnais knows that the port is the first developments. Dredging the channel and marked with two lines and buoy for vessels entering the night, sent men with light browsing the Upper Morne Discovery. He built warehouses, staff quarters, office buildings and administrative buildings. He also built magazine Caudan mouth of Cuenca. One of the greatest things he did, however, was the Naval Ship Yard.
"Before my arrival, she has never had the idea that shipbuilding could be possible in the port, he said. In the construction of small craft first, then decked vessels and was pure genius and see now what would be the starting point for the fate of the naval and military base on the island in the future. The Subtle, Creole, Necessary, Tethys, L'Hirondelle all widely used either in the slave trade or business Corsair. Under this trade Labourdonnais first "Indian India" began. He also encouraged the slave trade from India, Madagascar and the east coast of Africa.

However, the French East India Company, which ruled the island at this time do not show not much interest in his great vision, and after his departure, his successor only administered the island as much as he could The population with the most time on the edge of starvation.

Future events, however, give credit to Labourdonnais Mahe, in his vision of the location The strategic island in the Indian Ocean. War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) and seven years (1756 -1763) that deplete the island resources. The company wanted the French Navy for repairs, supplies and armed the island, but it did so little to promote agricultural development.

What could have prompted the king to take much interest in the Ile de France to serve Chief place of France in the east of Good Hope? What are the historical factors in the struggle for power? Why was there so much noise in the Indian Ocean to control? The Portuguese were the first Europeans to trade in Indian waters knew that such a reduction of power in a way that can not be reduced to retain only Goa as their colony. As for the Dutch who were more interested in the islands east of India, for India, to "covet" is a subject of great competition between French and English, the two superpowers of the time. Fight on that will decide on India by the Moghul empire had declined with the death of the last emperor. The Seven Years' War was decisive in France against the British who ordered the Bay of Bengal which controls India, as orders from methods used in the Ganges delta.

The French send Expedition under Lally Tollendal that depend heavily on the Port Louis on a naval base. But because the population was, in itself address the acute shortage of all, the island could only help a little and, therefore, the French lost the battle.

The king had understood the strategic importance of the island and that after buying the company, took an interest in developing the island into three main agricultural products, commercial and military.

When Pierre Poivre wine as the mayor of the island, he focused primarily on agricultural development, second in improvement of the capital, giving the guarantee of free exchange of population, thus avoiding monopolies in total contrast with the policy of the Company French West Indies and in third place in the development of the port island, where again the French East India Company has failed miserably, except Labourdonnais.

He established a "Court Terrier advise managers on land grants, but also controlled selling concessions. Under the company's concessions were made without any control that has resulted in 1788 that 210,880 hectares of land given only 72,845 hectares are used only. A real driver has been attention to agriculture. Emphasis was placed on the production of rice, sugar and vegetables. Plants such as breadfruit, apple, peach, coconut, avocado, mango, tea, sago, cassava, pepper, cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon and many medicinal herbs as Ayapana were introduced. A large number of cows, oxen, goats, sheep and pigs were brought Cape, Madagascar and India. Under Desroche made several improvements, built three water plants produce 6,000 kilos of flour per day. The bakery could make bread for the garrison and supply ships.

New tanks containing stocks of wheat, flour and rice have been constructed. All these measures should encourage the arrival of vessels and establish the base at Port-Louis making a port for supplies of excellence. There was revival of agriculture planting. Even merchants invested in a local farm and acted as agents of farmers lack. They looked for opportunities for profitable products exportable.

As for trade, tariffs have been introduced to control prices. The king even guaranteed two pipes for the transport of livestock from Madagascar. The Liberal government and the lifting of restrictions on commercial activities transformed the island into a center of commerce for trade International. Richard Morris wrote a letter to La Fayette requesting a free port established. In 1785, the Minister of Castries The Navy declared free trade and as of May 27, 1787 all foreign ships were welcome in Port Louis.

Although merchants are not allowed to export goods to the East India the French or sell products to India, that bypass this with the complicity of the French administration. Indian goods shipped from the Isle of France were found in the East. Between 1786 to 1788 by special permission and in 1790 free trade beyond the Cape of Good Hope has been extended to all French. The trade consisted of long and short stores for imports. Ships from France make wine, linen and other consumables. American ships had corned beef and articles related to shipping and navigation. Supplies food from Madagascar. Arms dealers in Commarmond African coast, for example, were also present on the island until 1768 and between 1781 to 1786. I was 8 years old vessels. Thus, a powerful and influential group of merchants that arise in colonial society. 183 traders were known to be alive "haves". A total of 58 new arrivals between 1803 and 1810, 46 were traders and 12 traders. After 1783 there was no increase in traffic from Mauritius - In 1788, an average of 200 ships was entering Port Louis and became the target of many ships. In 1785, "Salem Derby 'first American ship arrived in Ile de France. America has been initiated the slave trade from Madagascar and was interested in trade with China, these vessels have been encouraged to enter the port. America as a neutral wine to a large number to purchase goods for which they would otherwise have to go all the way from Calcutta or Canton and pay higher prices. In 1794, the first consul of the island La France is John McCarthy, encouraged American ships to come to the island to France. 87 American vessels arrived at Port Louis. There was increasingly important strategic role of the Isle of France. Denmark and the U.S. ships visited Sumatra islands Coetivity, Manila, Muscat, Traquebar, Batanes, Canton, Madras and Calcutta. Baltimore and Boston, Salem and New York that the provisions, spare parts, oil and candles. They exchanged their points of tin, pepper and salt, Sumatra. Ginseng Township, Calcutta sugar. Coffee, cotton, and drug Muscat. U.S. products are traded on the Isle of France for other products, which in turn change other goods. An exchange of oil and candles were sold in Boston in the Isle of France for the ebony and spices from the Spice Islands could be bought and sold. This saved vessels of the hassle of going to Canton or Malacca. Later, under Napoleon know lapses as governor of Puerto intense commercial activity. The prairie XI (May 22, 1803) regulates the operations have a constant flow of cargo at the port of Napoleon. Then, until the British blokada strengthened activities with those of South Asia and it became too dangerous.

Two important events that have emerged more or less fluctuation with development of port and port. Slave trafficking and piracy activities appeared in trade and business. The first began in start with the arrival of the French on the island, his business was at the time of peace, was a lucrative business and the second time of war as means of making money fast and easy.

Agriculture and trade were all slaves. In the eighteenth century was the French who dominated the slave trade in the western Indian Ocean. The Mascarene islands served as a platform to encourage trade. The slaves were taken from Madagascar and East Africa to Mascarenes, South Africa and the Caribbean. Also slaves from India. With the free trade policy real arrival Boat tripled Madagascar. Boats carried trade ranching parallel to the slave trade and early 19th 20,000 live cattle per year were taken on Foulpointe alone. Foulpointe, Fener, Mohambo, coloring, St. Mary and Bay were French because Antongil Mananara Slave Trade involved in the Mascarene by Toussaint. The slave trade has laid the foundation for commerce and trade in the Indian Ocean and world. It was a lucrative business as slaves provided an average price and production assets could be sold as a higher price after improvement subsequent year. It continued until 1822 when the treaty was signed Alglo Merina.

At the time of wars between British and French activities Corsair has gradually become the main source of income for the island and policies of the royal government, a new impetus up to this activity. The king wanted to develop a port in advanced naval base for the French empire in India from warships and squadrons housing. Knight of Tromelin became a naval engineer in 1768 and 1770, presented a development plan. Note that the work has not done much in the port since the days of Labourdonnais. The port was full of boats sinking dead. That was blocked by fourteen shipwrecks. The dredging of the mud Bay and diversion flows were needed again. It took 10 years to complete the task. The port can now accommodate up to ten ships and several frigates. In addition, the camps for the African sailors were built near Hole Fanfaron. To encourage ships to come, fees paid to the port were removed. Carpenters Workshop, 'Tailpieces', blacksmith, "Cooper Gunsmiths 'and' 'Were built along the harbor. The royal government to restore order in the harbor and around the port area. An iron foundry was established and supplies to the Contras powder and other military equipment have been produced. With the arrival of people like the Duke of Berry, the Duke of Acruitaine and other Acaille and a sea "of the bourgeoisie" would.

Peace of Amiens provided a new impetus to the entry of the catch made by privateers. In 1807, "The Semillante" participated in five battles, and his latest award was a merchant ship full value of sugar between 6000 dollar in 7000. The American War of Independence broke out in February 1778, the American colonists fought against the British for independence and mountains of France the chance to avenge what happened in India. Five ships of Admiral Trojoly train naval force to fight the British in the Sea of India. During this period, 116 ships have left India. Three more ships left Batavia, Madagascar and Mozambique. Everything went passed parts stores. The first order in August 1768 proclaimed that all male residents aged between 15 and 55 must serve in the militia. There were 111 assaults on cruise - the pirate activity was estimated by Milburn to about € 2,500, 000, that the market was saturated with goods seized by British ships. Retailers often turned their ships in Corsica. The most famous corsairs were the master Deschiens De Kerulay, and Dubignon Chandeuil. Take the example of David, a merchant who owned the powerful business houses and it also demonstrates that privateering and piracy activities have given a boost commercial activities on the island of Ile de France takes possession of the ocean Indian. Corsair was armed with two ships. The Solomon and the "Santa Maria", which attacked the British ships. The merchant "in Bombay in 1780 and captured a prize amount of € 1,500,000.

Colonial prefect was responsible for selling products and the distribution of profits. Soldiers and sailors work for the government to go to the desert pirates. Those who perpetrated the attacks were given "letters and marks were called" Corsaire "and given the status of heroes. From 1803 to 1810, were 82 shipments. Famous names as thesame, and Robert Surcouf Lenouvel emerged. Robert Surcouf captured 47 vessels, was known as the "king of the pirates." He suggested to Napoleon to attack British trading ships to destroy British commerce. There was an influx of cheaper products in Europe. Warehouses are full of colonial products and loads of ships captured. For feeding or dispose of accumulated income and costs of captured British ships, the products were shipped to France. In 1808, most pirates have been captured or killed after taking the Cape of Good Hope in 1806. This was the end of the Ile de France as a naval base.

Ports are the island, which became the center of attraction between different nations that want to control the Indian Ocean. The Dutch and French East India Company wanted to start a port of call for ships in transit. However, the royal government was much more than just the refueling fuel. Port Louis became French naval base in the Indian Ocean and a powerful magnet for commercial vessels. In peacetime, the slave and the spice trade to hold the stage and time of war, the island has been transformed into a nest of pirates. Corsair activities become an activity profitable to serve the political conception of France. In doing so, the island as a whole reached an unprecedented development in terms of infrastructure and life.

Bibliography

1 - Ile De France from 1747 to 1767
Huguette Ly Tio-Fane Pineo

2 - Port-Louis, a tropical city
Augustus Toussaint

3 - A New History of Mauritius
Hazareesing and John Addison

4 - History of Mauritius
Vijaya Teeluck

5 - History of the Colony from 1721 to 1968
Amedee Nagapen

6 - A brief history of the Dutch in Mauritius
PJ MOREE

7 - The Making of Mauritius
Nath Varma

About the Author

Is it true that a volcanic eruption at Yellowstone could alter the U.S. climate?

I was told that there is an active volcano National Park Yellowstone is so large that that a catastrophic eruption of cold (its effects will be felt around the world). According to this theory, the ash Volcanic could block sunlight so that even for those of us not affected by the lava flow or lahar (mudflows and lava cooled), temperatures would fall and not have any ash ALLOVER! But for us here in Texas, which would mean the difference between the suit and pants, or could be the difference between life and death?

The Yellowstone Caldera or "supervolcano" (Reference 1) is quite real. The whole area is geologically active, and it seems likely that a large body of magma beneath Yellowstone that could, in fact, produce a considerable eruption. The "Yellowstone hotspot" has erupted several times in the last 17 million years, with enough force to flood of lava on the adjacent states. In the last two million years, eruptions "to 2500 times" the size of Mt St. Helens 1980 eruption occurred, and "small explosion" (enough large to form a crater 5 km in diameter) have been documented since about 13,000 years ago. In short, yes, it is possible that a very large eruption could happen in Yellowstone. However, given the unusual nature of the eruptions, it is unlikely to happen anytime in the near future. On a geological time scale, however, it could happen very soon. Such an eruption could severely disrupt weather patterns, and no doubt cause great damage to the heart, where much part of our food is produced. Very bad things.

National Geographic - How Volcanoes Form

 

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