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Methods of detecting Eng jute Corchorus () germplasm sources of resistance against nematodes

Mr. Khan

Nematologica, AICRP (nematodes), the Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, PO Kalyani, Nadia, PIN-741235, West Bengal, India,

Email: mrkhanbckv@rediffmail.com

Operating resistance cultures is one of the most efficient and environmentally friendly components of integrated pest management and the inclusion of this feature provides increased crop yields in the presence of nematodes. The nematode resistance in host plants is reflected in reduced rates of nematode reproduction densities and therefore decreased the nematode population in the rhizosphere of susceptible plants. The varieties of crops that show high Resistance to all agronomic traits are acceptable is usually recommended for fields infested with nematodes, or as a culture routine in a sequence or crop rotation. Therefore, the identity proper growth of cultivars resistant to nematodes against claims target nematode species of nematodes with the dominant race (s) existing in the region.

Screening of germplasm / varieties of plants cons parasitic nematodes require preparation of pure inoculum found nematode species and races, land inoculation technique sterile and evaluation or rating scale for resistance response to nematodes. For screening, a technique Determination is the single most essential for handling large amounts of genetic material. The main goal of testing is the exposure population plants for nematode differentiation of genotypes resistant to sensitive. Often, to test against nematodes, nematode populations final (Pf) is compared to the initial population inoculated (Pi) to calculate the reproductive factor (RF = Pf / Pi). In general, host resistance is characterized by the ability of nematodes to reproduce on the host genotype and / or reactions of compatibility.

Root nematodes induce a common symptom and visible root galls and egg masses in highly susceptible hosts. The size of the galls and will small (1 to 2 mm in diameter) for bladder, large (> 1 cm in diameter) depending on the host. The vesicle appears in the system root or galls many good private merge into a multiple Gall. Most galls may contain more than one female while the guts to contain only a small woman. The galls on the root does not necessarily mean that a woman should have Meloidogyne because it is a symptom of a attack by nematodes. Therefore, the clinical diagnosis in the root system is essential through the dissection of roots under the microscope to confirm the involvement nematodes with symptoms (Taylor and Sasser, 978).

In the process of routine screening of genetic material from crops, the term The most commonly used "resilient" and "sensitive" with several intermediate categories are used to express the degree of response genotypes resistant test. To assess the response of nematode resistance, adequacy of host / compatibility to nematodes is determined by their ability to replicate in the host. Usually very hardy plant in nematode reproduction is minor compared plants to moderate and low resistance. Thus, sensitivity is measured primarily by the reproduction of nematodes in the host and not on Based bitter root only.

Plant parasitic nematodes are obligate parasite needs nutritional needs and environment of their place of survival, but all kind of inhibition or response resistance incurred by the host to establish feeding sites results in poor development parasites. After entering the host of the second stage juvenile nematode reproduction in the host depends largely on the induction of giant cells. If the host and nematodes are not adapted small giant cells are formed and some juveniles (J2) between adult stage.

Galls bud by Meloidogyne species can also be seen in the immune system and very hardy plants. The presence of J2 inside the factory test can be found, but the development of other adults and reproduction (mass production of eggs) is inhibited. We can not the fate of several of juveniles (J2) into resistant plants: i) can grow up maturity as a woman, but not the mass production of defective egg or eggs, ii) develop into males, iii) development of May could be arrested, iv) to be killed by an immune (cellular response in May killed around the head of the nematode or the release of substances toxic v) the possible departure of miners out of root penetration and only take on a new site / host to induce Gallen (Taylor & Sasser, 1978).

Thus, ownership of host resistance may affect the nematodes at all stages of development of nematodes. The emergence of nematode resistance genes into the host plant roots makes them less attractive to attack nematodes. There may be possibility of interception of signal transduction in the process of receiving recognition of nematodes. Resistance and susceptibility to plant parasitic nematodes reflect the effect of plant on the nematode.

Steps for selecting germplasm Jute:

Preparation sterile soil:

Preferably sandy soil mixed with river sand in proportion 3:1 (v / v) and sterilized for 30 minutes at 15 psi for two to three days. Steam sterilized soil and then exposed to sunlight, spreading it on a sheet of polyethylene for ventilation. Soil can be sterilized with formaldehyde in a reactor and the subsequent coating with a polyethylene sheet of at least 10-15 days.

Pot filler:

The usual size of 10 to 15 cm diameter clay pot (preferably new / fresh) is filled with sterile soil, leaving space above for watering plants. The provision for proper drainage in the pot under each is essential to avoid congestion or stagnant water.

Sowing the seeds:

Genetic material jute seeds are sown in each pot with a check-sensitive (susceptible variety) for comparison. Usually, after 15 days of the onset semen was diluted to one healthy seedling in each pot.

Preparation and maintenance of inoculum eloidogyne Pure M Species:

A single egg mass in hand M eloidogyne selected species with the help forceps after infection of sensitive plant and placed on a watch glass with water. This is then transferred into a small strainer large holes lined with tissue paper to cover the bottom of the screen that is placed on a petri dish containing water. The Petri dish was incubated at room temperature ((27 ± 5) ° C) for 2-4 days. Seedlings of susceptible plants, tomatoes or eggplant be grown in soil sterile, were inoculated with J2 and repeat the process for obtaining pure descendants of the mass inoculation of eggs for the experiment.

  Collection and preparation Nematode inoculum:

The species of nematode inoculum pure race and identified species Meloidogyne is carefully prepared to start plants infested pots of culture, washed gently with water and egg masses were collected with tweezers in natural light or use of the lamp. The masses of eggs are usually stored in water before use as inoculum. In general, the second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne species were inoculated with the sense resistor. For inoculation with juveniles, egg masses are placed on a double layer of tissue paper equipped with son class is placed on plate Petri dishes containing water. Within 2-4 days, most of the J2 hatch and glide running water in the Petri dish. The number J2 per ml of water is added and exact density per ml of suspension was estimated to determine the volume of the suspension of nematodes to be vaccinated. For inoculation with eggs of infected root cut into small pieces and treated with 1.0% NaOCl solution for 3-5 minutes to dissolve egg masses and the release of eggs from the gelatinous matrix. Eggs can be collected, which passes through 200 mesh (for disposal) and 500 mesh (25um) sieve. The egg mass can also be used directly in the pot for the testing.

Inoculation with nematodes:

Each of the plants at least 15 days or two stages of the leaf in the pot can be inoculated with eggs, juveniles or egg masses. In general, a second juvenile phase per gram of soil around the seedlings inoculated with a pipette. At least three holes in 3 to 5 cm are made around the base of each plant and the suspension of nematodes known number is poured into the holes and connected to land immediately. Pot uninoculated for each entry is a witness to this particular entry. Regular watering is essential pots and plants are ready for adoption observation 40-45 days after inoculation.

Test methods:

For root-knot nematodes, the root system bitter root is considered the main criterion for detecting resistance test plants. But irritating / nodes alone is not sufficient to assess the response of resistance against nematodes. Reproduction of nematodes in the test plant is best measured by the index of eggs Mass (EMI) or determining the reproduction factor (RF). The determination of the biliary index is much easier and more convenient than the extent of the reproduction nematodes. Reproduction Thus, it would be preferable to select resistant genotypes based on the index scores for knot preliminary, and nematodes can be measured advanced evaluation.

The most commonly used in a wide 1-5 to measure the resistance is as follows: 1 = No Guts / egg masses (very resistant), 2 = 1-10 galls / egg masses (resistant) 3 = 11-30 galls / egg masses (moderately resistant), 4 = 31-100 galls / egg masses (sensitive), 5 = over 100 gills / egg mass (very important) [AICRP, nematodes]. Visual irritants in the root system: 0% = very resistant, resistant = 1-20%, 21-50% = Moderately resistant = .51 to 80% sensitive and 81-100% = very sensitive is more convenient for preliminary DISCRETION.

It should be noted that various / Sensitivity of genetic material even show a replay may be considered sensitive (Gaur et al, 2001). However, potted plants of one or more guts that does not include the root may be helpful in identifying sources of resistance. Be careful and eliminating plants free of gravel in the selection process.

The experiment is in the net house or house of glass:

The pots used to test the genetic material of jute should be placed on the concrete floor to prevent short contamination. All boats must remain in the design of random blocks and each entry must have at least five repetitions. There must have adequate sanitary facilities in use equipment and hands of workers.

  References For more information:

ABD-Elgawad, MM 1991. A rating scale for detecting genotypes of the new plant against root-knot and reniform nematodes. Anz.scadlingskde., Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz 64 (37): 37-39.

Bhatti, DS and Jain, RK1994. Resistant varieties of plants to nematodes. Pp 217-227. In: Management of nematode pests of crops. (DSBhatti and EDS RKWalia.). Publishers and distributors of CBS, New Delhi, India, 350pp.

BRIDGE, J. and Page, FLS 1980. Estimation of root-level infestation of root knot nematodes using array notation. Tropical Pest Management 26 (3), 296 - 298.

Canto-Saenz, M., 1983. The nature of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood 1949. Proc. Third Res and plan. Conf 22 to 26 March 1982, ed. CC Carter. Int Meloidogyne Project, Lima, Peru, 233 pp. , 160 - 165.

Cook, R. and Evans, K. 1987. Resistance and tolerance, pp.180-231. In: Principles and practices of cultural control of nematodes (RHBrown and BRKerry, eds.) Academic Press, Australia. 467pp.

Gaur, SA, SINGH RV, Kumar, S. Kumar, V. and Singh, JV 2001. Find a resistance to nematodes in crops. 84 pp.

HADISOEGA-DA, WW, and Sasser, JN, 1982. Resistance of tomato, beans, southern peas, and pea cultivars to root-knot nematodes on basic qualities of home. Pl Dis. 66, 145 to 150.

KHAN MRAND Mukhopadhyay, AK 2004. Screening of germplasm crops resistant to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita race 2. Envir. And Ecol., 22 (SPL-3): 445-448.

Sasser, JN Carter, CC and HA.RTMAN, MM, 1984. Standardization studies of host suitability and disclosure of resistance root-knot nematodes. Coop. Pub Dep. Plant Path., North Carolina State University. and U.S. Agency Int Dev.Raleigh, NC 7pp.

TAYLOR, AL1971. Guide FAO parasitic nematodes. pp.14-15.

TAYLOR, AL and Sasser, JN, 1978. The biology, identification and control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) Coop. Pub Dep. Plant Pathol., North Carolina State University. and U.S. Agency Int Dev Raleigh, NC 111 pp.

Van Gundy, SD, Thomason, IJ and RACKMNN, RL, 1959. The reaction of three species of citrus in three species of Meloidogyne. PI. Dis. Reptr. 43: 970-971.

Zeck, WM 1971. A classification scheme for field evaluation of root-knot nematode infestation. Pflanzenschutz-Naehr. Bayer 24, 141 to 144.

About the Author

Dr. Khan is a Nematologist and Reader of Nematology in the Department of Agricultural Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalya(BCKV), Mohanpur, Nadia-741235, West Bengal, India. He has published more than 80 research papers in National and International Journals. He was the recepient of Youmg Scientist Award in 2005. His main interest on working with nematode biosystematics, nematode problems of flower, rice, jute, tea and fruit crops. Recently he along with his team eatblished a Plant Health Clinic laboratory at Directorate of Research, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal for extending Pest advisory services to the growers of West Bengal.

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